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Census 2001:Output Classifications
Introduction Household
Questions Person
Questions 1991
Census Questions not included in the 2001 Census Changes
in definitions Filters
3.
Comparability With The
1991 Census
Introduction
3.1 In drawing up the classifications,
special account has been taken of the need for comparability with
1991 Census classifications. However, changes in questions, concepts and
definitions between 1991 and 2001 have been necessary to take into account
harmonisation with other Government surveys; to reflect changing customer
requirements; and to take account of new and improved data collection
and processing methodologies designed to deliver a high quality, cost-effective
Census.
3.2
Summary information is provided below on new and revised questions
and an indication given where the questions are essentially unchanged.
To assess the detailed changes in classifications and questions between
1991 and 2001, the user is advised to view the Census forms which will
be available on the Census Offices' websites.
3.3
Household Questions
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Type of accommodation and self-containment.
In 1991, these questions
were answered partly by the enumerator, and partly by the householder.
For 2001, only the householder provided the required information. Furthermore,
the wording of the question to determine whether or not the accommodation
was self-contained differed slightly between the two censuses.
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Exclusive use of bath/shower and toilet. In
1991, separate information was available for each of these amenities,
together with details on whether the toilet was located inside or outside
the accommodation. For 2001, only basic information on the joint availability
of these amenities was collected.
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Lowest floor level of accommodation. This question had been previously
asked in Scotland only. The householder wrote in the number of the lowest floor on which any of the household's living accommodation was situated.
For 2001, the question was asked in all parts of the UK with tick-boxes for groups of floor levels.
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Central
heating. In 1991, separate information on the presence or absence of central heating
in all or some rooms was provided. For 2001, the categories for 'all'
and 'some' were combined.
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Number of floors.
This new question was asked in Northern Ireland only.
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Tenure.
In 1991, this question was combined with the question on landlord. In 2001,
it was a separate question. The 2001 question included a new category: 'Pays part rent and part mortgage (shared ownership)', which, in the 1991 question,
was grouped with the 'buying the property through a mortgage or loan' category. Furthermore, the category 'Renting/rent free' used in the 1991
question was split into two separate categories in 2001.
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Landlord.
In 1991, this question was combined with the question on tenure. In 2001,
it was a separate question. There were also some slight differences in the response categories between the two censuses.
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Whether rented accommodation is furnished or unfurnished.
This question was asked in all parts of the UK in the 1991 Census as part of the question
on landlord and tenure. In 2001, the question was only asked in Scotland.
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Number of cars or vans.
In 1991 there was
no write-in box for the last tick-box 'Three or more'. In 2001, the last tick-box 'Four or more' had an associated write-in box which was coded
up to '10 or more'.
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Number of rooms.
In 1991, only kitchens of at least 2 metres in width were to be included.
In 2001, all kitchens regardless of size were included. There were other lesser differences in the wording of the instructions.
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3.4
Person
Questions
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Sex and date of birth.
These questions
were the same as asked in the 1991 Census.
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Relationship within the household.
The 1991 Census question asked for each person's relationship to the first person listed on the Census form (who was designated 'Head' or 'Joint
Head' of the household). Write-in answers were collected for 'Other relative' and 'Unrelated' categories. In the 2001 Census, for households with up
to 5 members (up to 6 in Northern Ireland) a matrix-style question was used to identify the relationship of each person in the household to every
other household member. Larger households were asked to complete a continuation form for the remaining people in the household. The relationship question
on the continuation form asked for relationship to the first person in the household and to the previous two people (for example, person 7 was
asked the relationship to person 1, person 5 and person 6).
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Marital status.
For 2001, an
additional category was provided for 'Separated (but still legally married)'.
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Country of birth.
This question
was unchanged in 2001.
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Ethnic group.
The 2001 question on ethnic group in England and Wales and Scotland was more
detailed than the question asked in 1991. In 1991 there was one category for 'White'. In 2001 'White' was split into three categories in England
and Wales and four categories in Scotland. Similarly, in 1991 there was no category for 'Mixed', whilst in 2001 there were four categories of
'Mixed' in England and Wales and one category in Scotland.
The question was asked for the first time in Northern Ireland. The question was similar to the 1991 question in England and Wales and Scotland but included a separate category for
'Irish Traveller'. ONS plans to publish further guidance on comparing results on ethnic group on the 1991 and 2001 classifications.
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Welsh/Gaelic/Irish language.
For
2001, an additional category 'Understands spoken (Welsh/Gaelic/Irish)'
was included.
Furthermore, the question in Wales in 2001 asked the person 'Can you understand, speak read or write Welsh'
whereas the 1991 question had asked 'Does the person speak, read or write Welsh'.
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Religion.
Censuses in Northern Ireland have traditionally included a question on religion,
but questions on religion were included for the first time in the Census in England, Wales and Scotland in 2001. There was one religion question
in England and Wales, while two questions were asked in Scotland and Northern Ireland.
In Scotland, people were asked to provide information on both their current religion and the religion they had been brought up in.
In Northern Ireland, only those people who regarded themselves as belonging to any particular religion were asked to provide an answer as to which
religion, religious denomination or body they belonged to. Those people who did not regard themselves as belonging to any particular religion
were asked to answer a question on which religion, religious denomination or body they had been brought up
in.
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Limiting long-term illness.
For 2001 the wording of the question was unchanged, except that reference to 'handicap' in the 1991 question was amended to 'disability'.
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General health.
This was a new question for 2001 and was asked in all parts of the UK.
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Provision of unpaid care.
This was a new question for 2001 and was asked in all parts of the UK.
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Resident status.
There was no separate question in 2001 on usual address to determine area of residence
as there had been in 1991. Instead, only persons usually resident at an address were required to be enumerated. Visitors present at the address who were usually resident elsewhere in the UK were thus required to be included on the form at their usually resident address.
Students whose term-time address was not their usual address were counted in 2001 as being resident at their term-time address (see also '1991 Census questions not included in the 2001 Census' below).
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Student status.
There was no separate question in 1991 on student status. This information was obtained
from the responses to the questions on term-time address of students and economic activity. A separate question on whether each person was in full-time
education was asked in 2001.
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Address one year before the census.
The 2001 question asked for the same information as in 1991, though the wording of the question provided an additional tick-box response for no usual address one year before the census, under which the form filler was instructed
to include children aged under 1, for whom in 1991 there had been a separate response category.
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Qualifications.
In 1991, in England, Wales and Scotland each respondent aged 18 years or over was asked to
write-in the name of any degrees or professional or vocational qualifications attained, as well as the subject, date obtained and name of the awarding
institution. School level qualifications were excluded. In Northern Ireland, the question was asked of each person aged 16 and over. There were seven
tick-boxes depicting different levels of qualification ranging from no formal qualifications through to degree level. There was also a write-in
box for professional or vocational qualifications.
For 2001, the question consisted of simple tick-box response categories (with no write-in) covering broad groupings of school level, degree and
vocational qualifications (and specific professional qualifications in England and Wales). No information was collected on name of institution,
subject or year, and the question was applicable only to people aged 16 to 74 years.
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Economic activity.
In 1991, a single multi-tick question was asked to determine if someone aged 16 or over was economically active or inactive, and why. For 2001, a series of questions were asked of those aged 16 to 74 to facilitate the derivation of statistics
that will be compatible with the International Labour Organisation (ILO)definition of economic status. In contrast to 1991, information on
part-time/full-time
status was not an integral part of these questions. A separate question on hours worked was asked in 2001.
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Hours worked.
In 1991 this question was asked in Northern Ireland only. In 2001 this question was asked in all parts of the UK.
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Time since last employment.
In 1991, respondents were asked
to tick a box to indicate if they had worked in the last 10 years.
For 2001, respondents were asked instead to write in the year that they
had last worked if they had not been working in the week before the
Census.
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Employee/self-employed status.
This question was combined with the economic activity question in 1991, but was a separate question in
2001.
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Size of workforce of employing organisation at place of work.
This was a new question asked throughout the UK. Information from the question is mainly used
for the derivation of the new National Statistics Socio-economic Classification (NS-SEC) and the European variant of the International Standard Classification
of Occupations, ISCO 88 (COM).
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Occupation.
The information sought about the full title of the person's main job and description of
the things done in that main job was unchanged from that in the 1991 Census.
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Supervisor status.
This was a new question asked throughout the UK. Information from this question is mainly
used for the derivation of NS-SEC.
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Name and business of employer.
Information on the name of the organisation worked for in the person's main job and the
nature of the business was used to determine the industry of employment. The information sought in 2001 was unchanged from that in the 1991 Census,
but was obtained from two separate questions.
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Travel destination and method of travel.
Respondents in Scotland were asked to provide the address travelled to either for their main job or course of study. The method of travel question related to this address. The 1991 question related only to main job. There was no change to the address of place of work question throughout the rest
of the UK, other than the addition, in 2001, of a specific response tick-box to indicate that the place of work was an offshore installation.
The 2001 mode of transport to work question sought essentially the same information as in 1991, except that an additional response category for 'taxi' was included, and that the ordering of the categories was slightly different.
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3.5
1991 Census questions not included in the 2001 Census
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Water supply and domestic sewage disposal.
This
question was asked in Northern Ireland in 1991, but not in 2001.
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Number of children. In
1991, in Northern Ireland, all married, widowed, separated or divorced
women were asked to provide details of the number of children born alive
to her, and how many were born after 21 April 1990.
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Usual address and Whereabouts
on Census night. For 2001, these
questions were not required, as all information about an individual was
collected at that person's usual address, which was recorded on the front
page of the form by the enumerator. |
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3.6
Changes
in definitions
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Sex and date of birth. These questions were the same as asked in the 1991 Census.
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Communal Establishment. In 2001, a communal establishment was defined as an establishment providing managed residential accommodation. Managed means full-time or part-time supervision of the accommodation. The definition has changed since the 1991 Census, when a communal establishment was defined as an establishment
in which some form of communal catering was provided. In addition, nurses homes and student hostels etc. with self-catering facilities were enumerated as communal establishments only if there was someone in charge to take
responsibility for issuing the Census forms. Otherwise, each person or group of people sharing meals or accommodation was treated as a separate household.
The rules for small hotels and guesthouses were also changed. In 2001, small hotels and guesthouses were treated as communal establishments if they had the capacity to have 10 or more guests, excluding the owner/ manager and his/her family. In 1991, small
hotels and guesthouses were enumerated as communal establishments if they had 10 rooms or more. Those that contained fewer than 10 rooms were classified
as communal establishments if any resident staff other than the proprietor and his/her family or 5 or more guests were present on Census night.
The treatment of sheltered housing was unchanged from 1991: Sheltered housing was treated as a communal establishment if less than half the residents
possessed their own facilities for cooking. If half or more possessed their own facilities for cooking (regardless of use) the whole establishment
was treated as separate households.
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Communal Establishment Resident.
In
2001, the basic Household Resident definition applied when determining
whether someone was a resident of a communal establishment. Where
clarification was needed, a resident was any person who had been living,
or intended to live, in the establishment for six months or more. People
visiting the establishment who did not have a usual address elsewhere were
also classified as a resident. Absent usual residents were asked to
complete a Census form on their return to the establishment.
This definition has changed since the 1991 Census, where a communal
establishment resident was defined as any person who had spent six months
or more in the establishment. In addition in 1991, absent residents were
not left Census forms for completion on their return.
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Dependent child. In 2001, a dependent child is a person aged 0-15 in a household (whether or not in a family)
or aged 16-18, in full-time education and living in a family with his or her parent(s).
This is a change from the 1991 definition when a dependent child was a person aged 0-15 in a household or a person aged 16-18, never married,
in full-time education and economically inactive. The revised 2001 definition has been agreed following consultation with users.
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Dwelling. A dwelling can consist of one household space (an unshared dwelling) or two or more household
spaces (a shared dwelling). In 1991, the conditions for combining household spaces to form a 'shared dwelling' were slightly different (see below).
This affects the total number of dwellings in an area.
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In 2001, the definition of a family has been extended to include a cohabiting couple with or without
child(ren).
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Full-time/ Part-time employment. The question on how many hours a week a person usually works in their main job was used to
derive whether a person is working full-time (31 hours or more a week)or part-time (30 hours or less per week). In 1991, full-time and part-time
status was an integral part of the question on economic activity and, as such, was 'self-assessed'.
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Household Reference Person. This term is used in 2001 output instead of the term 'Head of Household' which was applied
in 1991. For a person living alone, that person is clearly the Household Reference Person (HRP). If the household contains only one family (with
or without ungrouped individuals) the HRP is the same as the Family Reference Person (FRP). If there is more than one family in the household, the HRP
is chosen from among the FRPs using the same criteria as for choosing the FRP (economic activity, then age, then order on the form). If there
is no family, the HRP is chosen from the individuals using the same criteria.
In 1991, the Head of Household was taken as the first person on the form unless that person was aged under 16 or was not usually resident in the
household.
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Industry.
In 2001, industry descriptions were coded to a modified version of the UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 1992 - UK SIC
(92). This gives similar output to 1991 when industry descriptions were coded based on a modified version of the 1980 version of this index (UK
SIC 80).
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Occupation. In 2001, occupation was coded to the 2000 edition of the Standard Occupational Classification
(SOC). This differs substantially from the 1990 edition of the Standard Occupational Classification which was used in 1991.
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Population Base. The 2001 Census has been conducted on a resident basis. That is, the statistics
relate to where people usually live, as opposed to where they are on Census night. Students and schoolchildren studying away from the family home
are counted as resident at their term-time address. This differs from the 1991 Resident Population base (see entry below) and is used throughout
Census output.
In 1991 there was also a count of the population present in an area on Census night (Persons Present population base 1991). This information is not available for 2001.
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Resident Population. In 1991 this was the count of all persons recorded as resident in households in an area
(based on their answer to the usual address question), even if they completed a form elsewhere on Census night, plus residents in communal establishments
who were present in the establishment on Census night. Students and schoolchildren were counted as resident at their vacation or home address. Persons from
wholly absent households were included.
In 2001, people were included on the Census form at their usual address. The Resident Population is a count of all persons usually resident in
households and communal establishments in an area. Students and schoolchildren studying away from the family home are counted as resident at their term-time
address. Persons from wholly absent households are included.
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Social Class. The
National Statistics Socio-economic Classification (NS-SeC) has been
introduced by the Government to replace Social Class based on Occupation
(also known as the Registrar General's Social Class) and Socio-Economic
Groups (SEG).
This classification is used in 2001 outputs.
In 1991 all Census outputs used 'Social Class based on Occupation'.
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Shared Dwelling. In 2001, a household's accommodation (a household space) is defined as being
in a shared dwelling if it has accommodation type 'part of a converted or shared house', not all the rooms (including bathroom and toilet, if
any) are behind a door that only that household can use and there is at least one other such household space at the same address with which it
can be combined to form the shared dwelling. If any of these conditions is not met, the household space forms an unshared dwelling.
The definition has changed since 1991, where the households also had to share an entrance into the building.
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Usual Address of Students and Schoolchildren.Students and schoolchildren studying away from the family home are fully enumerated
as resident at their term-time address. The information on families, household size and household composition for their family home will not include
them. They are not included in the 'all person' count for that area.
In the 1991 Census, students and schoolchildren were treated as resident at their family home and were included in the corresponding counts.
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Visitor. The 1991 Census population present population base included information on
visitors i.e. people enumerated at an address who are not usually resident at that address. This information is not available in 2001. |
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3.7
Filters
In order to avoid complex
routing instructions on the Census form, filter questions have been included
to progressively exclude certain groups from completing subsequent questions.
This method has been designed to reduce the burden on respondents by ensuring
that they only answer relevant questions.
Student
filter
Q5 and Q6 England/Wales,
Scotland and Northern Ireland
The purpose of these questions is to identify
students and schoolchildren who are away from home at boarding school,
college or university during term-time, and stop them from answering the
remaining questions on the form. These students are
enumerated fully at their term-time address. See Section 4 for
more information on Students.
Age filter
Q15
England & Wales
Q18 Scotland
Q15 Northern
Ireland
This filter is intended to prevent any person aged 15 and under or 75
and over from answering the remaining questions on the Census form. The
filter is included because qualification and economic activity questions
are not applicable to people under the age of 16, and testing has shown
that elderly and retired people object to answering what they see as irrelevant
questions. In 1991, questions on economic activity were applicable to
all people aged 16 and over, including those aged 75 and over.
Working
Last Week filter
Q18 England/Wales
Q19 Scotland
Q17
Northern Ireland
This question aims to ensure
that people answer appropriate questions on economic activity.
This question and the following four questions on the Census form are
used to produce the derived variable Economic Activity (ECOPUK).
Ever worked filter
Q23
England/Wales
Q24 Scotland
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